Politics Of Far Right Movements In Global Politics

Politics Of Far Right Movements In Global Politics Far right, which also be known as the extreme right or radical right, has been defined by various scholars and authors in various ways. Despite argument over the exact definition, far right is generally defined as an extremism of right-wing politics. According to Muddes work, the ideology of far right (2002 10-11), Hartmann defines far right as a collective term for all progress-hostile forces. However, there are objections to this restricted definition since this definition illustrates far right parties as single-issue movements, and conceals other important features of far right ideology. Most scholars and authors define far right as a political ideology which based on a combination of prominent features, consisting of Supremacism, Authoritarianism, Racism, and extreme-Nationalism. For examples, Macridis defines far-right as an ideology that revolves around the same old staples, such as, racism, xenophobia, and nationalism. Backes and Jesse defines far right as a collective term for anti-democratic dispositions and attempts, that are traditionally positioned at the extreme right of the left-right spectre (Mudde 2002: 10-11)Whereas, Falter and Schumann prescribes a set of core ideas of far-right ideology including, extreme nationalism, ethnocentrism, anti-communism, anti-parliamentarianism, anti-pluralism, militarism, law-and-order thinking, a demand for a strong political leader and/or executive, anti-Americanism and cultural pessimism'(Falter 1988: 101)Obviously, these definitions of far right reflect the existence of sharing of some core ideas among far-right, tradi tionalism, andconservatism through historical and ideological connection. Old Radical Right had been constituted in France after the French Revolution in 1789 as the main ideology among those supporters for counter-revolution who refused to accept the new republic regime and aimed for restoration of the French monarchy and aristocracy. The rise of radical right parties in Europe such as Nazi Party in Germany and Fascist Party in Italy before 1945 could be seen as the prosperity of old radical right. The old radical right commonly based on various hostile ideas towards Liberalism, Parliamentarism, Sentimism, Communism, Capitalism, and Bourgeois. All of these ideas had been resisted and insulted by radical right parties in the past. Together with the outbreak of Nationalism since the 1930s, far right parties could gained outgrowth from this nationalism and gained more popularity which had given compatibility for these parties to challenge existing states and accounted for much of the aggressive expansionist policy of some fascist regimes (Guibernau 2010: 9) especially, in the period since 1930s until the end of World War II. New Radical Right Mainstream political parties consider the new radical right as fascist parties that have no legitimacy. If we contemplate the fascist regimes of the 1922 1945, we will see a movement. According to Linzs perspective, traditional fascist can be defined as anti-liberalism, anti-parliamentarism, anti-Semitism, anticommunism. In contrast, despite their standpoint is strongly anti-establishment, the new radical right accepts the rules of parliamentary democracy. New Radical Rights oppose the corporatist and state-controlled economies defined by a strongly hierarchical political leadership but the radical right support a small government. The new radical right accepts market capitalism; however, one of its main ideological weaknesses are the inadequacy of an alternative economic programme like the mainstream political parties. New Radical Rights has their standpoint as anti-globalisation stand but the new radical right uses the means and new technological advances at the core of globalisat ion in order to promote its movement not only within but also across national boundaries. The main pillars of the new radical rights discourse New radical rights discourse consists of a high resistance to the existing establishment and a commitment to democratic reform, an explicit anti-immigrant narrative, and high emphasis on protecting western values and the national preference principle. Anti-establishment and democratic reform Although its extremely critical view of the functioning of liberal democratic systems, the new radical right does not support their replacement of liberal democratic system by some kind of fascist style political system. In contrary, the new radical right stands advocating a radical regeneration of democracy. In this perspective it is referred to as a promoter of hyper democracy. The new radical rights doctrine concern with a claim for genuinely popular participation and representation by means of radical reform of the established political institutions and the whole political process. In the same line, it defends the use of referendums and open lists in elections. According to Margaret Canovan perspective, the new radical right seeks to undermine and degenerate issues that associated with the political establishment, for example immigration policies, multiculturalism, affirmative action and political correctness. Anti-immigration There are fear and resentment towards immigrants and refugees that have been growing within western societies. The large influx of refugees from Eastern Europe and Africa into European countries in the 1990s gave the rise of issue invasion of the poor and it was expressed as the storming of Europe. There are a number of economic, social, political and cultural arguments which have been developed to create the legitimacy as a negative attitude towards immigrants. These come from the downward pressure that migrants push on wages and rising unemployment among the native population, to their comparatively high birth rates with potential detrimental implications for the existing welfare system, demographic developments, and national identity. Anti-immigrant sentiment open hostility towards immigrants. It can extend to describe radical right-wing parties do not have their standpoint against all migration but extremely against those immigrants who will pose a cultural threat to western valu es and national identity and culture. In present, there are the wave of Islamophobia generated by the 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, Muslims are recognized as posing the most serious threat to western civilization and are often portrayed as the most alien and difficult to assimilate. The radical right regards the growing number of Muslims settling in Europe as a severe danger to western culture and values. In European countries, mainstream political parties are enthusiastic to deserve electoral support from ethnic communities of immigrant origin entitled to vote, in particular where such communities are of sizeable dimensions. This is a factor which is also regarded with suspicion and resented by the new radical right, which expresses skepticism at the idea that immigrants and refugees could make any valuable contribution to their society. The rise of the new radical right cannot be described by looking exclusively at economic factors, it seems safe to say that the global economic downturn has stresse d the economic as well as the political and cultural concerns that drive people toward the new radical right. In times of crisis minorities receive a severe treatment. They are criticized for the misfortunes affecting the overall society. They are considered guilty because of their supposed inefficiency, laziness, and lack of culture, susceptibility to crime, arrogance or economic success. Western values and the national preference principle The new radical right advocates the preservation of western values, a principle that is often turned into a call for national preferences; that is, citizens should enjoy priority access to social welfare and to the protection of their own culture and language, compared to foreigners. Citizenship should determine a sharp boundary between those who belong and those who do not, and the latter should be excluded from the social, economic and political rights associated with it. The principle of national preference mingled with hostility toward those considered too different in terms of values, culture, and often skin-colour should be considered as part and parcel of a project of white resistance or cultural nativism destined to protect what is described as an endangered European identity. The new radical right exhibits a cultural nativism tinted with populist overtones that connects with the dream of a white Europe. It is very important to highlight the transnational character of this populist nativism that reaches beyond nationalism by defending the cultural preservation o f the European culture. The new radical right presents itself as an alternative to traditional political parties and founds its discourse on a critique of democracy, a protest against elites and a concern about the cultural preservation and integrity of national identity comprehend as part and parcel of European identity. Integration and ethnopluralism New radical rights concerns about the preservation of national identity and the nation. It leads to the new radical right to oppose multiculturalism, which, in their view, promotes the destruction of individual cultures. In Western Europe, the new radical right has reacted to this by promoting an organic conception of the nation, which regards foreign bodies as a threat to a nations life and health. The term ethnopluralism has been coined by the new right to advocate respect for cultural and ethnic differences while maintaining that the best strategy to protect them is to avoid their mixing with each other. Ethnopluralism, as defined by the new radical right, stands for the protection of national culture and identity while arguing that the national culture and identities of immigrants should also be preserved. In pragmatically, different cultures and identities should not be mixed because it is in the mixing that culture and identity are weakened, levelled down and eventually destroy ed. Rise of far right in Europe It has been noted (Knigge, 1998: 255) that Generally, extremist movements are movements of disaffection (Lipset Raab 1978: 428). They appeal to people who are dissatis ¬Ã‚ ed with the status quo and who feel threatened by ongoing changes in society. These changes however, are complex and related to economic, political and social developments alike (Stà ¶ss 1991). Therefore, the rise of far right in Europe especially since 1980s can considered to be the result of the dissatisfaction of the changes which cause by Globalization. The Evolution of Extreme right-wing parties in Western Europe The rise of right-wing extremist parties in Europe have come in the wave. According to Widfeldts interpretation of research conducted by Klaus von Beyne, the German political scientist, far-right can be divided into three phases (Widefeldt, 2010). The first phase started from the end of Second World War to the mid 1950s. During the first phase, the support for extreme right-wing parties had marginal because people still feared the influence of Fascism and Nazism. Therefore, the political parties which supported on far-right was excluded outside the political area even the German Sozialistische Reichsoartei, the successor of Nazi. At that time, there were only the Italian Movimento Sociale Italiano, the successor of Mussolini fascists, which continually took a seat in national parliament. After the mid 1950s, the second phase started. Far right political parties gradually represent in parliament with the new pattern in the past far right political parties had an ideology on Nazism an d Fascism but after mid 1950s they changed to against Post-war economic and modernization process, for example. Since the 1980s, the third phase have begun. Due to the process of globalization, many European countries have experienced the overwhelming of immigration. Simultaneously with the economic recession of those countries, some citizens not only have seen foreign workers as the cause of unemployment and the status decline of Native Europe but also the cause of disappearance of homogeneous culture. Therefore, several political parties in Europe have perceived this weakness and support anti-immigration as new form of ideology and campaign. As a result, several far right political parties have been increased in their electoral supports and can gain political participation in Parliament. The Evolution of Extreme right-wing parties in Eastern Europe Regarding to Eastern Europe, the extreme right wing parties has been established after the end of Cold war. Even though the characters of social and politics in the former Communist regime like Eastern Europe suit with nationalist extremist, the increase of right-wing political parties are still low in Eastern Europe. A recent study (Mudde, 2012) has described that there are only four political parties which have largest share of support in parliament includes Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, Greater Romania Party, Serbian Radical Party and finally Hungarian Movement for a Better Hungary. Besides these four political parties, other political parties in Eastern Europe seems too small, no electoral support from citizens to be the representative in parliament. Even though extreme-right parties in Eastern Europe are unsuccessful, most operations from extreme right-wing are outside of the political arena. For example, In Eastern Europe, especially Russia and Serbia, the extreme right s kin head gang and neo-Nazi group spread across Eastern Europe. The rise of electoral vote of far-right parties after financial crisis The global financial crisis in 2008 bring up the far-right parties across Europe in terms of citizens expressing their dissatisfaction of mainstream government. In other words, European citizens has perceived the mismanagement of the economic crisis by their own government which leads to decrease in GDP growth and increase in unemployment rate. Therefore, citizens have lost confident in their own governments and show more preference in far-right parties which in that time far-right parties try to exploit the situation by accusing a scapegoating such as foreign workers or immigrant for the cause of unemployment and the status decline of Native Europe. Even though the ideology and campaign of far right parties are various in different states depending on national histories and traditions, all of these political parties have mainly focused on anti-immigration, anti- multiculturalism and Islamophobia. Since 2008 global financial crisis, far-right political parties have gained a share of support in national parliaments across Europe especially in Norway, France, Hungary, Netherlands, England, Austria, Italy, Germany, Sweden, Denmark and finally Switzerland. Besides the national parliament, it was reported (BBC NEWS, 2009) that far-right political parties gained more seat in the 2009 European Parliament Election compared to the 2004 European Election and central-right political parties slightly drop in gaining the seat from 282 seats in 2004 to 264 seats in 2009. However, the central right political parties, namely European Peoples Party, still be the largest group in European Parliament. In other words, they gained 264 out of the 736 seats and prevailed over European Socialists Parties and Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe which both two parties gained 183 and 84 seats, respectively. Regarding to the far-right parties, called Union for Europe of the Nations, the groups members believe in national sovereignty and opponents of European integration. This gr oup gained more seats from 23 in 2004 to 28 in 2009. The result of European Election in 2009 is meaningful to the rise of far right in Europe because its winning in election implies that far-right parties achieve in build mass organizations on the ground resulting to the power in broadcast their ideologies and the effective implementation of their own policies. The eletoral impacts of globalisation The emergence and notable growth of the new far right has occurred with significant increases in international integration, post-industrialisation and the rise of post-materialist values and policy orientations. There is a relationship between a major feature of contemporary structural change, globalisation, and electoral success of new far-right parties. Elections have served as important markers of far-right success and failure. Often, landmark breakthroughs by far-right parties have put them on the map for wider audiences. Direct elections to the European Parliament, too, have provided useful occasions for far-right parties to make their mark. Economics Theory and research on the economic impacts of globalisation stress that transnationally mobile manufacturing and financial enterprises as well as highly skilled professionals, technical personnel and managers are the winners of internationalisation (Rodrik, 1997). Globalisation of markets, however, generates losses and new economic insecurities for some occupational strata and sectors. Specifically, Heckscher-Ohlin/Stolper-Samuelson models predict that semi- and unskilled workers bear significant costs of the globalisation of developed economies. That is, models of factor-price convergence suggest that the relative prices commanded by comparatively scarce factors in the developed economies (semi- and unskilled workers) decline with internationalisation as the relative demand for comparatively abundant factors (highly skilled workers) increases. Together, trade, capital mobility and immigration of workers may contribute to the decline in the relative wages and employment of increasin g numbers of lower-skilled workers. In addition, the traditional middle class may be economically disadvantaged as well as facing threats to traditional institutions, values and status. Overall, the evidence suggests that internationalisation is associated with modest declines in demand for lower-skilled workers and some increase in economic uncertainties as well as attendant threats to the social status, values and institutions of affected groups. Nevertheless, despite the absence of a dominant role for globalisation, international integration should contribute to the inclination of some voters to support parties that oppose international liberalisation and offer clear programmatic solutions to associated problems; this seems particularly likely if perceptions of burdens exceed actual costs of globalisation. Perceptions and Politics A.M.Mayda and D.Rodrik draw conclusions for the developed democracies as a whole from their analysis of International Social Survey Program and World Values Survey data. They conclude that a majority of citizens in the typical developed democracy supports restricting trade and that these protectionist attitudes vary systematically with education and occupational levels. Mayda and Rodrik find that in developed democracies where human capital is abundant, workers with higher education and occupational attainments are more likely to support free trade. Generally, the tangible effects of international integration on significant socio-economic groups, the likely tendency of citizens to weigh costs of globalisation more heavily than benefits and the widespread support among mainstream parties have offered an electoral opportunity for Radical Right Wing parties. These parties have commonly targeted electoral appeals to those who face economic uncertainties if not losses in the wake of globa lisation and domestic change and to those who possess diffuse anxieties, fears and resentments in the wake of structural changes. Specifically, right-wing parties, while supporting free markets and liberalisation domestically, have systematically criticized international openness. As the national economy moves towards global concerns in seeking foreign investments, invariably other aspects of domestic policy are affected. Capital moves to where it finds the most attractive home, thus seeking low-tax economies which places pressure on national macro-economic policy as the states tax-raising capacity is reduced by the tendency towards attracting investment. This weakens the states capacity to provide public services, fostering dissatisfaction among the citizen and reducing national cohesion (Day Thompson, 2004: 175). Furthermore, a general shift in focus of national policy to cultural and identity issues could serve to favour the far right. While politics at elite level concerns transnational and international matter, for the citizen, local and domestic affairs are still to the fore. Moreover, mass publics in all likelihood tend to weigh the costs of globalisation more heavily than benefits. In sum, theory and evidence suggest that globalisation modestly affects the demand for lower-skilled workers and may contribute to insecurities of employment and income for many wage earners. Duane Swank and Hans-Georg Betz conclude that international integration, or the notable increases in transnational flows of trade, capital and people in recent decades, has contributed to the electoral success of new far-right parties in Western Europe. The magnitude and nature of globalisations effects, however, are significantly shaped by national welfare state structures. Where national systems of social protection are comprehensive, generous and employment-orientated, rises in trade openness and capital mobility do not contribute to support for right-wing parties; where welfare programmatic structure is occupationally based or liberal in character, increases in transnational market flows are associated with moderate shifts in support to the new far right. The role of the media The far right discourses resonance depends on the intermediating role played by the media (including social media). Far-right parties and spokespeople have a particular media attraction because they can successfully represent themselves as new political kids on the block and can press their core issues of immigration and Islam, all too readily reported and sensationalised as alien to the host society. In addition, popular media places the spotlight on the charismatic party leader with a populist message, rather than on more unassuming and collegiate figures. That is because the media lower the barriers of entry into the electoral market by giving new parties the means to disseminate their message across a wider audience than their organisational or financial resources would allow. The far right has also sought to bypass the conventional media by using the internet to that effect. Through online behavior, Bartlett, Birdwell and Littler (2011) suggest that the emergence of populist parties and movements which often described as far right comes from 3 different sets of grievances that motivate citizens: economic grievances, disillusionment grievances and immigration grievances. The economic explanation of populism contends that economic frustration is the prime motivator of populists. This view has two components: first, that most supporters of parties and movements are blue-collar workers or the victims of globalisation and outsourcing, and second, that these workers are motivated to join by financial concerns. The second set of grievances concerns voters disillusionment with prevailing political parties and institutions. One argument advanced by scholars is that this disenchantment has led citizens to vote for populist political parties or join street groups out of protest. According to this protest vote model, supporters of populist parties are not necessarily ideologically committed but support them to vent frustration. The final category of grievances concerns immigration. Some studies have demonstrated that concern, worry or antipathy toward immigrants is the feature that unifies populist groups. Much of the academic literature suggested that a large degree of concern relating to immigration was economic in nature, however, more recent research suggests that immigration is seen as a threat to cultural identity. As highlighted by Matthew Goodwins recent report, Right Response, which is an increasingly favoured view. Since the end of World War II, immigration has become one of the most divisive issues on the political agendas of Western democracies. Many individuals in European democracies express unease or out-right concern with the potential effects of migration on their countries, while others in these same countries are less uneasy or even welcoming toward newcomers. Left-right self-placement is likely to capture the potential ideological confluence between political dissatisfaction and hostility to immigration, with those on the far right expected to be more negative about political institutions and politicians and about immigration. Those who actually voted for the far right are, of course, very likely to be hostile to immigration and to politics because of ideas stoked by far-right party rhetoric. In the past ten years, and particularly since 2007 with the worldwide financial crisis, the sense of Europeanness has seemed to lessen (see Checkel and Katzenstein 2009). Immigration, the so-call ed war on terror, slow economic growth, and finally the financial crisis have caused citizens across Europe to view their national governments as the main focus of their identities and political activity (Checkel and Katzenstein 2009). The rise of anti-immigrant, nationalist parties has been pronounced in Scandinavian countries, typically seen as bastions of leftwing and liberal social policy. Indeed, the terrorist attacks in Norway in 2011 have led to a good deal of introspection about the rise of far right anti-immigrant groups, largely as Anders Breivik, the Norwegian terrorist, was a member of the Norwegian Progress Party before becoming disillusioned with their moderate approach. A Case Study of Oslos Massacre The most recent well known Far Right movement that caused a horrible shock to people of the entire world is The Oslos Massacre in 2011 which killed 77 people. A massive blast shook the centre of Oslo in the afternoon on Friday 22 July 2011, blowing out the windows of the prime ministers offices and damaging the finance and oil ministries.Rubble and glass littered the streets and smoke from the fires drifted across the city from the devastated area the heart of the Labour Party government. Witnesses described the scene as like a war zone. Police set up cordons and evacuated buildings while ambulances took dozens of injured people to hospital. Police confirmed the next day that the blast was caused by a car bomb, and that undetonated explosives remained in the area. The bomb contained an estimated 950kg (2,090lbs) of explosives made of fertilizer, 8 people were killed in this incident. In the late afternoon, a ferryman was asked to transport a policeman to the island of Utoeya, located in a lake about 35km (20 miles) north-west of Oslo. The uniformed man was said to have been armed with a pistol and an automatic rifle. He had described how he was there to do research in connection with the bomb blasts But the policeman turned out to be a gunman, and he went on to shoot and kill many of young people staying at the island camp. About 30 minutes later, a specialist police SWAT team was despatched from Oslo to Utoeya. Meanwhile, the gunman continued his killing spree undisturbed, randomly shooting victims, according to eyewitness reports. Survivors described chaotic scenes as teenagers fled from the gunman, some plunging into the water to swim to safety. He shot at those who tried to swim away. Others hid in the undergrowth, cowering in fear. The gunman was described as tall, blond and Nordic-looking had called campers to him as if to offer help, only to open fire on them. Officers eventually arrived on the island, Haarvard Gaasbakk, the leader of the first police squad to arrive on the island, said a group of youngsters directed them towards the gunman.We then spotted the gunman shooting on the southern part of the island and we hear a lot of shooting the gunshots are coming fast and thick, he said. As the officers ran into a clearing in the forest, they suddenly came face to face with the gunman, hands above his head and his weapons 15m away on the ground. Mr. Gaasbakk said the gunman was arrested and one officer took charge of him while the others ran to give the victims first aid. The shooting spree had lasted more than an hour. Officers have said he still had a considerable amount of ammunition for both his guns a pistol and an automatic rifle when he surrendered. Hospital sources said the gunman had used dum-dum bullets, designed to disintegrate inside the body and cause maximum internal damage. A Norwegian court has found that mass killer Anders Behring Breivik is sane and sentenced him to 21 years in jail. Breivik, who admitted killing 77 people when he bombed central Oslo and then opened fire at an island youth camp, told the court he would not appeal. He insisted he was sane and refused to plead guilty, saying last years attacks were necessary to stop the Islamisation of Norway. Afterwards Breivik said he did not recognise the court, which he contended had sided with the multicultural majority in parliament, but said he would not appeal as this would legitimise the proceedings. He accused the governing Labour Party of promoting multiculturalism and endangering Norways identity. In the pre-trial hearing, February 2012, Breivik read a prepared statement demanding to be released and treated as a hero for his pre-emptive attack against traitors accused of planning cultural genocide. He said, They are committing, or planning to commit, cultural destruction, of which deconstru ction of the Norwegian ethnic group and deconstruction of Norwegian culture. This is the same as ethnic cleansing. Experts in far-right ideology told the trial Breiviks ideas should not be seen as the ramblings of a madman and Breiviks attacks ignited a debate about the nature of tolerance and democracy in Norway. Anders Behring Breivik is a right-wing extremist and now regarded by many as a Christian fundamentalist, extremist, and terrorist. He claims he has a mentor and refers to him as Richard the Lionheart. He claims that he is a member of an international Christian military order based on the Knights Templar which was established in London in 2002 by nine individuals with a large number of knights and even bigger number of civilians including a number of cells in Europe. He was a member of a local Masonic lodge and was a proud freemason and he also claims he has contacts with the EDL and as his mentors codename is Richard the Lionheart it seems to suggest the EDL is very influential on him and his political views. His main political goal was to stop as he refers to it, the Islamification of Western Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. He claims he killed nearly eight people, who were in the majority non-Muslims, in order to save Europe from a Muslim takeover. Mario Borghezio, for instance who belongs to the anti-immigration Northern League party in Italy, which is a partner in Italys government coalition, condemned Breiviks attacks, but supported his position against Muslim immigration to Europe. He was reported to have said, Some of the ideas he expressed are good, barring the violence. Some of them are great. Following his apprehension, Breivik was characterised by analysts as being a right-wing extremist with anti-Muslim views and a hatred of Islam, who considered himself a knight dedicated to stemming the tide of Muslim immigration into Europe. He was at first described by many in the media as a Christian fundamentalist, Christian terrorist, nationalist and right-wing extremist. Conclusion The rise of new far-right ideology in Europe both as in politics and as movements could be considered a

Proposing an Hris System Essay

Planning the future of the organization will require training, and mentoring from key employees. The current Human Resource Information System does not support the information that is required to complete the project. Management is proposing to implement a new Human Resource Information System. Human Resource Information System is a computerized system designed to bring together information for strategic planning, operational, and, administrative. The most time spent in Human Resource is administrative management. Human Resource Information System is designed to improve efficiency and assist with streamlining paperwork. There are five major categories in a business that the Human Resource Information System supports. Labor relations in the HRIS will support Union negotiation, employee information, and auditing records. Human Resource Planning and Analysis supports organizational charts, attendance analysis, job description tracking, staffing, recruiting, and turnover analysis. Compensation and benefits, wages, benefits, vacation, and pay structures. Compliance regulations are also supported by HRIS; Equal Opportunity Employment, workforce utilization, and applicant tracking. Safety and training development are also supported by the HRIS software. HRIS software is available by many different software companies; the following are just a few HRIS software that are available. Bamboo Human Resource Software, Employee Connect Software, Human Resources Microsystems, J. D. Edwards Enterprise One, and Employee Connect. The software must be compatible with the organizations current job-costing system and will require the reports to coincide. This will need to be a customized feature and will require a tailored software. The software listed above is available to as is and will not support our job cost software. Management would like to implement a new Human Resource Information System before the new fiscal year. The new fiscal year begins in April 2013. The first process will be posting a Request for pricing from multiple pre-qualified Human Resource Information System Software companies. The schedule will only allow a maximum of one month to select a final vendor to begin the process of tailoring the software. The concerns that management have are some of the organizational factors, such as labor force, company budgets, bad planning, and competition. Labor force is down due to budget cuts and the transition to new software will require overtime and possibly hiring temporary help for data entry. The current company budget does not have the profit to support a substantial increase in additional labor. The planning schedule for a new Human Resource Information System will need to be monitored closely. Management is concerned about the possibility of going over schedule and increasing the labor cost more than more than what is in the budget. Management has come up with a budget of forty-five thousand dollars. This budget includes the cost of software, labor force, and new equipment to support the new Human Resource Information System. The return on investment for the new software and equipment that management hopes for will be worth more than the cost. The benefits of having a Human Resource Information System that produces reports for compensation, time off, and labor needs. The new Human Resource Information System will also give our organization the ability to be competitive in capturing labor trends and needs. Planning for the future of the organization will also be a huge benefit factor. The time and cost that will be saved over time will pay for the upgrade in less than two years. When the system is up and running management foresees that four full-time positions will need to be eliminated due to the efficiency and lack of work for the four workers. References Chauhan, A. , Sharma, S. , & Tyagi, T. (2011). Role of HRIS in Improving Modern HR Operations. Review Of Management, 1(2), 58-70.

A Startling Fact about Proposal Solution Essay Topics Uncovered

A Startling Fact about Proposal Solution Essay Topics Uncovered Proposal Solution Essay Topics and Proposal Solution Essay Topics - The Perfect Combination Think of some helpful points, proposals, and argumentation, which could help determine the reader, help them understand the issue, and inspire them to try to repair it. In the end, your aim is to persuade the reader your proposal isn't just viable, but one worth pursuing. As soon as your proposal becomes accepted, you are able to then go right ahead and compose the complete paper. By using 99papers, it's straightforward to have the very best agencies alongside authors by yourself. Not everybody can write the ideal essay and should you don't have enough time to do the appropriate quantity of research and compose the paper within the deadline, you might find yourself struggling and stressing out. There are even ideas on driving and transportation so you're going to be able to detect something which you are able to write abo ut. Otherwise, then the very first point to know is that you ought to start by viewing a range of topics before choosing one that's suitable. A superb topic could possibly be something as straightforward as improving time management to address the issue of getting to school in time daily or as complex as finding ways to lessen the quantity of violent crimes. What's more, if you pick great problem solution essay topics, there isn't going to be any problem for you to make an ideal text without having to spend an excessive amount of time on writing. To put it simply, a proposal essay identifies an issue and suggests a remedy to that issue. Now you are aware of how to compose a problem solution essay, therefore it's time to begin your work. The problem solution essay is similar to any other you've written it has different sections. Remember your essay is about solving problems, therefore a solution ought to be a highlight of the essay. In both situations, an excellent essay explores the pros and cons of proposed solutions. It's feasible for you to find problem solution essays help whenever you make an order for your paper from us. Problem-solution essays argue for a specific remedy to an issue or demonstrate an urgent need to fix the issue. Writing an issue and solution essay isn't easy more so when you aren't provided with the topic. To start with, it's important to abide by the chosen topic throughout the essay. Additionally, when writing an essay, additionally it is required to think about picking a topic that has a viable or practical solution. Writing an issue and solution essay might appear challenging in the beginning, but when you've got your subject, you're golden. It's comparable to other sorts of essays in a challenge to decide on an ideal topic. In some specific cases you will likely locate your self with composing projects on several topics all due in a brief span, or maybe you may lack any curiosity about a particular topic. Despite the fact that it appears to be a difficult undertaking, you can find a lot of amazing topics. The hardest task is to locate a great topic for your essay. There are a lot of different hints that may make essays excellent. Whenever you have so many topics to speak about, choose what you're passionate about and it'll be super-easy that you develop a considerable argument for it. The first thing you ought to consider when you get started writing an essay is the topic. A superb essay can produce a difference if you select a topic that's meaningful for you. Sometimes essay writing can be hard for many students. Check on the format our writers have used and check on the way the essay is organized by a specialist writer. Your essay is practically ready! Writing a great persuasive essay is not an easy job, however, it's achievable. If you ask us to aid you with your student assignments, you can make sure that you'll get a high-quality project. List your resources You need to list all of your scholarly resources first. What can be done in order to produce a more well-rounded curriculum for middle and higher school students. Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try.

Questions On Initial Reactions And How It Can Your Views...

1. What were your initial reactions to how this group is set up? How have your views changed at this point, if at all? I believe for me my initial reactions to how this group was set up is that everyone is in the same boat. By that I mean nobody (except for the professor) knew what to expect or what could happen. As I recall one of the initial conversations started at the beginning of the first class was about a complaint regarding smoking. This seemed to me a half hazard attempt at starting an easy conversation, but gave little in the way of development of group interaction. This was more of a vent and didn’t strive to develop relationships within the group but rather express a baseline opinion on what was annoying them that day. We saw that again in this last class when the first initial conversation had to do with issues about parking. I have noticed a definite change as time has progressed in how much information people appear to be giving out. My hopes for this class is that we can avoid going turning this into a complaint forum and get into the grit of each other’s personal lives. Discussing things like deepest fears, or worse things that have happened to individuals and how they coped with them would be more in line with what I would hope to expect from this group. My views are that the group is slowly opening up, but in a class that only meets once a week it is not moving fast enough. 2. What is one quality of communication in our group, if any, that you would likeShow MoreRelatedCognitive Reframing1566 Words   |  7 Pageschange, out looks will change. All these changes will happen without the outside influences being changed such as people, places, situations, or events. One of the large differences in cognitive-behavior therapy is the amount of trust between client and clinician. The client must trust the clinician and believe in changing thoughts and thought process. 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High School Vs. College Student - 1507 Words

High school Student vs. College Student School plays an important role in our life. Many of us will spend more than fifteen years at school in order to get the qualifications that are required to work in a specific field. Of course, those years are broken down into several levels, some of them being more liked than others. Two important steps that we go through are high school and college. Even though some people would think they are almost similar, yet there are significant differences between them. The cost of high school education is not the same as the cost of college education. Also, some differences apply from an academic point of view. Typically, the social environment also differs from high school to college, a fact that can be related to the question of freedom versus responsibility. It is true to say that college is more expensive than high school. 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Therapeutic Music Free Essays

People are now playing therapeutic music for patients in hospitals, hospices and other clinical settings to improve their healing. Music seems to be therapeutic to the human mind. Music can also provoke memories. We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic Music or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can trigger things in our minds that we all have experienced as humans. Music’s power extends to the point where we don’t even have to hear a song, we just have to think of it. When this happens, memories of a particular event or time in our lives that possess or resemble some type of association can come flooding back (Science of People; Danielle M. Baker). Through these scientific discoveries, we see yet another aspect of the power of music in the human mind. This power can be seen in the composition Forever Music by Mark Hayes and Susan Boersma. Historically and scientifically, it is evident that music has a power that is both unique and universal. The language of Forever Music is written for the intended purpose of global unification through the power of music. The idea of producing a common ground amongst all people who can hear. The message; music represents life, peace, time, love, and the happy assembly of all people in the world regardless of ones individual background. Each lyrical element in this piece is intended to allow all people of every culture to share a song. A song that carries meaning applicable to everyone who can hear. Mark and Susan seem to have envisioned, as demonstrated by the text’s language and rhetoric, a peaceful and unified world that has the deepest appreciation for life and music. The audience for this text is timeless. â€Å"†¦ where present, past, and future meet upon a narrow bridge of time.† This work is written for all people of all ages. It is designed to inform the world that each individual life is a song meant to be sung. The study of this piece, Forever Music, can be broken down into many different segments. We will take time to dissect each phrase in the song with the hope of being able to fully understand the depths of its symbolism and how what it communicates relates to people of every age and from every culture around the world. We will contextualize the songs language though it’s lyrics, and we will also try to gain a better musical understanding for the way that this piece was composed. We can just as easily dissect the musical element of Forever Music as the lyrical element. These two categories, individually, are imbedded with such meaning, emotion, and symbolism. These are things that we get to discover! There are many years of professional experience between this works creators, and because of this, their experiences enhance their ability, and this songs ability, to reach a timeless audience from every culture. How to cite Therapeutic Music, Papers

Marketing Ethics Ethical Marketing Decisions

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Ethics for Ethical Marketing Decisions. Answer: Introduction The recent developments in the area of marketing ethics are exploring various aspects of marketing field that consists of some ethical dimensions. The objective of this article is to research on the same and provide a systematic review of it. In recent years, the literature of ethics related to business and marketing has expanded both in importance and volume. Hence, it has become a necessity to clarify and focus into the area. This paper presents literature review on ethics in business with its mainly focus on marketing. Although, most of the reviews and literature in this articles have been extracted from Australian articles and reality, but maximum part of the information gained are applicable to other nations also. Objective In simple words, moral factors and challenges faced by marketing practitioners are referred to as marketing ethics i.e. what is morally good and bad, right and wrong in marketing. Since last 20 years there has been a noticeable rise in the interest shown in the area of ethics in marketing. This trend in marketing demonstrates the progression of group depictions with respect to businesss role in society (Batory, Neese Batory, 2005). Additionally, out of various zones of administration, marketing is certainly most debateable in regard to ethics (Tsalikis Fritzche 1990). Indeed, often society views ethics in marketing as most abusive and humiliating, due to the fact that it is the primary linkage amid environment and organization (Mercier, 2004). Still, ethical problems in the way of marketing and socializing do not hide the fact that they are moral. The rules, principles and morals confined to marketing which helps and guide leaders, all are physiognomies of ethical behaviour (Ballet De Bry, 2001). As discussed in research questions of assessment 1 the first part of the literature review will concentrate on normative marketing ethics, mainly concerned with how to maintain ethics and make decisions using ethical content. In a summarised way it could be said as what constitutes ethical marketing practice. In the next part we discuss the risks and issues faced by stakeholders in marketing and how the goodwill and credibility of the organization hampered due to unethical marketing research practices i.e. the effects of major ethical issues in marketing. Hence, this paper aims to have a better understanding of the ethics role in the area of marketing. For this, a thorough analysis of the literature was done considering around 25 marketing journals. Normative Marketing Ethics A better way to start the review is using oldest paper in the intact accumulation, Clarence Walton, a long-time conqueror of knowledge about ethics in business and marketing and a former President of American University, presented a paper during an AMA conference in 1990, observing continuous assaults on marketing and business, advised attention on three questions: What actually the market is doing? What should and should not be done? And Away from ethical necessities what should we like the market to do? Walton then came out with three foundations: business ethos, philosophical ethics and theological norms, in disagreement that there is much to be offered by philosophical ethics as a minimum concerning to problems of marketing. Rawls theory of justice, often called as Social Contract Theory (SCT), is a promising theory in reference to issues and risks of ethics in marketing. Ross, Smith and Dunfee introduced this theory in an article published in Marketing Journal in 2001, as a normative context in the area of marketing, exemplified by solicitation to commercial corruption and inducement. SCT was considered predominantly suitable due to its altercation association nature at the core of marketing. Rawlsian analysis was highlighted by Laczniak and Murphy in an article published in the year 2008, on distinct concern of the Macromarketing Journal which was mainly concentrated on distributive integrity. This integrity practiced on marketing deals with How the system of marketing, its practices, policies, structure and honestly allotments of rewards and forfeits amid the distinct organizations, affected by the procedure of marketing exchange. Distributive theory of integrity was advocated as a technique of instituting fairness inside such a distribution. Kohlberg advised that it should be conceded by ethics in marketing that it needs only to ask people to act in their own commercial interest and sincerely obey the law. Gaski replied to Kohlbergs comment and advice in a Journal of Business Ethics in the year 2005, He admitted need and importance of following ethical laws in the field of marketing including, considering own self-interest and obeying the law, but concluded that ethics in marketing has much far-reaching sphere. Gaski summarized Kohlbergs theory as, Acting in own self-interest area and obeying the law can only act as profitable guideline, they have exceptions in the area where ethics contradicts with self-interest and law. Risks and Issues in Marketing A framework was offered by Brenkert Marketing Ethics and Issues. Extensiveness of marketing was not the only aim of Brenkert but he also forced upon how unethical practices might harm Stakeholders and what issues they may come across. The first ethical issue that Brenkert introduced in this area is: Issues in Market Segmentation and Targeting Brenkert, in another article Ethics in Business mentioned the issues and risks connected with providing dangerous products to particular segments. Especially, he explained it by taking the example of story PowerMaster, how Brewing Company of G. Heileman failed in their marketing efforts due to unethical practices and malt liquor supply. Issues in Marketing Research Tybout and Zaltman stated in an article published in 1991 Journal of Marketing Research, possible allegations of rights of research participants might be violated in research. As a result it might result in low and poor worth of research information. Kimmel, Smith and Klein concentrated straight on research in the area of academic marketing and the disciplinary, mythological, and ethical consequences while using deception, in an article Psychology and Marketing published in the year 2011. Kimmel, Smith and Klein showed the reason and method to use deception and then offered an analysis of deception by using normative marketing ethics from both deontological and consequentialist viewpoint. At last they concluded that when ethics were applied to deception it resulted in social contract perspective. Issues in Advertising In the field of Advertising, the first major issue that arises is dishonesty. Kottman(1990) discussed this issue with Becker, who advised that dishonesty in the area of advertising has been exaggerated . Kottman rejected the reply suggested by Becker and worked upon highlighting many concerns in the field of advertising since past 25 years and still exist. He suggested that consumer wants truth while deception, exaggerations and distortions are coming in the way which is adversely affecting the marketing field in the area of advertising. Sixteen years hence, in 2005 Pollay in a journal of Marketing stated the complete synopsis of the literature out from the marketing field concentrating on cultural affects. He concluded that based on the assessments and evaluations advertising emphasizes loss of self-respect, powerlessness, sexual preoccupation, social competitiveness, anxiety, selfishness, irrationality, cynicm and materialism. Privacy Issues Communications in the field of marketing are generally online, which raises a high concern on individuals privacy. Caudill and Murphy observed ethical and legal issues in consumers privacy online in a paper in the year 2008. Federal Privacy Regulation was initially inspected which started in the year 1980s. At that point of time online privacy was a major public issue. An ERC was advised with the use of primary theories related to ethics for the evaluation of public policies, ethical policies and corporate policies. Since late 2000s issues related to online privacy has gained importance and the statement given then hold true today Our aspirations for consumer privacy advices an assimilation of public, ethical and business policy standards to moderate unavoidable loss of privacy seen by some. Effects on the Goodwill and Credibility of Organization Taylor, Skinner and Ingram (2008) stated that if the business activities of some organization are perceived as unethical by its committed consumers, chances are high that the company might lose its trustworthy and faithful customers and eventually the frequency and number of customer automatically shrinks. Ingram (2005) advised that unethical practices in marketing affect the behaviour of consumer in marketplace, as consumers nowadays are clever enough to sense. Consumers identifies organizations behaviour as unpleasant, customers may even deny buying the products and goods from the company (Carpenter, Rashi, and Nakamoto, 1994). The reason of such impulse behaviour could be the violation of ones rights and results of such activities are severe. Alexander (2006) enhances that the commitment of consumer is motivated by emotive and spiritual attachment with a company or brand. Conversely, ethics are judges differently by different individuals, and organizations when introducing some dr ive related to marketing, they must know how the stakeholders understand and has designed their way of judgment (Corey Bone 2001). Carrigan Attalla (2007) stated that unethical practices are referred to that behaviour which is morally unacceptable or illegal to a large society. Consumers make their opinion about some brand by listening about the negative words about the product, number of complaints boarded about the product and similar other ways (Jones 2001). The gravity of concerns presented by social consensus and marketing strategies, impacts the behaviour of consumer to decide whether to buy the product or not (Chen, Ganesan Liu, 2009). Rationally, consumers determinedly evaluate the concealed benefits of marketing initiatives and contribution of company in society welfare. Creyer Ross (1997), stated that when sales executive delivers false information about their product and hides vital facts about it, just to boost up sales of the product, it is considered highly patent unethical practice. Creyer Ross further added that majority of sales executive has a false implication of consumers desire, that they prefer entertainment over science and sports over education. Additionally, executives in marketing their products use sensual sex appeals in advertisements to attract consumers (Pits, Etzel Bello 1993). Ayub (2013) explained creators make use of sex appeal and nudity in advertisements. One more point to be noted is that, during past times another way to manipulate customers choices paradigm was using subliminal messaging. This technique was presented in 1960s for the marketing of products during movies. Rotfeld (2005) states that a firm which has now failed made use of this technique to boost sales of drinks and popcorns during movies. In actual, sales executives tries to take unjustified gain of consumers mental conditions and make them believe that they need the product which was not at all desired. Conversely, sometimes consumers are so passionate about some products that they trust anything what comes in the way (Rogers 2003). Such as, overweight people get obsessed with weight loss products and without checking its durability and consequences they buy the product. Validating it further, Polonsky, Carlson Fry (1997) stated that a harmful product is determined by its characteristics, if it carries any unsafe ingredient it is harmful. An idea harm chain was presented by Smith Cooper (2003) to measure the physiognomies of some product and inform about the harmful ingredients in it, if present any. The organizations that are more famous have the chances of being scrutinized more as well (Sun, Chen and Wang, 2012). Methodology A study focused on stakeholders in an organization, marketing employees, consumers and unethical practices was conducted. The method to choose academic journals specific in marketing to use in the above research, the references and reading provided by AFM in the year 2013 was used. The reason to choose these authors readings is that, there work is well respected amongst practitioners and in academic field. The fundamental reason for this methodology was to incorporate every one of the articles that had an all-around perceived effect in the field in the previous 25 years. To attain more European and international perception as well as being avoided as exclusionary, francophone and European journals were added. Every Journal used in the research and written has been scanned by two judges using a search engine ABI INFORM. As advised by Ballet and De Bry (2005) a keywords list was generated to examine literature review on marketing ethics. Those keywords were: stakeholders, business ethics, marketing, consumers, employees, sales executives and social marketing. The professional title for the paper was the result of analysis and to enhance the validity of readings and journals used to gain the information, proofreading was done twice. Analysis This article has examined studies published since last 25 years. Since 1990, 160 publishes articles has been researched which found out that, 89 of them are empirical while remaining 71 are conceptual. Out of these empirical 89 studies, some around 25 were used to conduct the study. A regression analysis was done to test as perceived magnitude of harm increases, the perceived fairness of the situation decreases, and the results are negative connection amid perceived fairness and magnitude of harm. Also can be said as, higher the magnitude, lower the fairness. As a whole, consumers are in high impact of manipulation by marketing experts, due to their own desires. They are considered as innocent souls and get fascinated by the advertisings and sugar coated words of sales executives, but the organizations that work ethically and market their product without false implications have high demands and better chance to exist in the market. Because once the consumer realises that the product is not worthy and he has been cheated, he loses trust for the brand and organization at that very second and negative word of mouth impacts several others. The outcomes of this research and review underline the fact that still numbers of investigations are needed to make ethics a discipline in the field of marketing. Conclusion In the coming time ethics in the field of marketing will even be more challenging, from different reasons and perceptions. Some of the primary reasons are expansion of various innovations in technology, such as, electronic marketing of books, legal advice, music, medical are some among many that will give ethics a more serious and tough competition . Innovative technologies might be in the market to determine customers interest while visiting a store or these technologies might even change the mood of customer while shopping. Added technology advancements might force a salesman to think about following questions. How much knowledge the executives must have about the customer they are seeking to reach? What are the ethical practices company must adopt while reaching customers? Ethics in marketing are still in the middle of expanding, trying to seek its ideological and conceptual base. The above research and review is a step towards progression of information in the area of marketing ethics. This analysis could be considered as a reference for further research of discipline in marketing ethics. If unethical practices are not stopped in the field of marketing, situation may worsen and no sooner than later the adversity will increase landing the consumer blocks in sheer trouble. References Brenkert, G. (2008). Marketing Ethics, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Drucker, P. (1995). The practice of Management, London: Heinemann. Gaski, H. John, F. (1999). Does Marketing Ethics Really has anything to Say? A critical inventory of the literature, Journal of Business Ethics, Pg. 315-334. Kimmel, J., Smith, N. and Klein, G. (2011). Ethical Decision Making and Research Deception in the Behavioural Sciences: An application of Social Contract Theory, Ethics in Behaviour, 21(3), 222-251. Kottman, E. (1990). Truth and the image of advertising, Journal of Marketing, Pg. 64-66. Laczniak, R. and Murphy, E. (2008). Ethical Marketing Decisions: The Higher Road, Needham Heights, MA: Allyn Bacon. Murphy, P. (2008). Marketing Ethic at the Millennium: Review, Reflections and Recommendations, in Norman E. Bowie (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Business Ethics. Cambridge, MA, Blackwell, 165-185. Ballet, J. De Bry, F. (2001). Lentreprise et lthique ,The Organisation and Ethics@. Indit conomie, dition du seuil (in French). Batory, S., Neese, W. and Batory, A. (2005). Ethical marketing practice: An Investigation of Antecedents, Innovativeness and Business Performance, Journal of American Academy of Business, 6 (2). Mercier, S. (2004). Lthique dans les entreprises.Ethics in organisations@. dition La Dcouverte, Paris. 23. Alexander, E. C (2002). Consumer Reactions to Unethical Service Recovery, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 36 No. 3, pp. 223-237. Ayub, A., Aslam, M.S., Razzaq, A., and Iftekhar, H. (2013). Impact of Gender based Selling on Consumer Buying Behavior: Cultural Analysis of Consumer Markets in Pakistan, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Vol. 4 No. 11, pp. 427-43. Bello, D.C., Etzel, M.J., and Pitz, R.E. (1993). The communication effects of controversial sexual contents in television programs and commercials, Journal of Advertising, Vol. 3 No. 12, pp. 32-42. Bone, P. F. and Corey, R. J. (2001). Packaging Ethics: Perceptual Differences among Packaging Professionals, Brand Managers, and Ethically-interested Consumers, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 199-213. Creyer, E. H. and Ross, W. T. (1997). The Influence of Firm Behavior on Purchase Intention: Do Consumers Really Care About Business Ethics?, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 14, pp. 421432. Holley, D. M. (1997). A Moral Evaluation of Sales Practices, Business Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 3-21. Ingram, R., Skinner, S. J., and Taylor, V. A. (2008). Consumers evaluation of unethical marketing behaviors: The role of customer commitment, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 62 No. 3, pp. 237252. Jones, T. M. (2001). Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16, pp. 366-395. Polonsky, M.J., Carlson, L. and Fry, M-L. (1997). The harm chain: a public policy development and stakeholder perspective, Marketing Theory, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 345-64. Rogers, S. (2003). How a publicity blitz created the myth of subliminal advertising, Public Relations Quarterly, Winter, pp. 12-17. Rotfeld, H. J. (2005). The cynical use of marketing to the unwitting consumer, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 60-61.